The bond market has had a relatively rough ride over the past month or so, right upto the RBI policy of February.
This was mostly in sympathy to global developments, but also to some extent with market's assumption that
RBI will intervene sporadically getting frustrated. In fact quite the contrary, the central bank has been selling
bonds in the secondary market since mid-November, even as it has seemingly signaled to the market from
time to time through auction devolutions.
Then the budget unveiled a staggeringly large gross borrowing number in excess of INR 14 lakh crores. Also there
was no mention of the bond index inclusion roadmap. With this, the yield on the new 10 yr benchmark, 6.54%
GSec 2032, that had ended the month of January'22 at 6.68%, rose to a high of 6.89% post budget. However,
just as the bond market was giving up hope, RBI swung into action: first by working with the government to
cancel some bond supply and then following that up with an ultra dovish monetary policy review.
Central government tax revenue collected in December continued to be robust and expenditure, particularly
capex, picked up. During April to December 2021, net tax revenue was 83% of FY22RE (vs. 71% and 67% of
actuals in FY19 and FY20 respectively) while total expenditure was 67% of FY22RE (vs. 79% of actuals each
in FY19 and FY20). Thus, fiscal deficit during April-December 2021 was 48% of FY22RE (vs. 108% and 100%
of actuals in FY19 and FY20 respectively). Small savings collection during April-December was Rs. 22,319cr
higher than that during the same period last year. GST collection during January was strong at Rs. 1.38 lakh
crore and 15.5% y/y.
India's FY23 union budget projected fiscal deficit for FY22 at 6.9% of GDP (vs. BE of 6.8%) and for FY23
at 6.4%, with a continued focus on capex. Gross tax revenue for FY22 has been estimated conservatively,
implying a 14.5% y/y contraction during January-March, while it is relatively more realistic for FY23 although
estimated nominal GDP growth is only 11.1%. On-budget capex growth for FY23 is estimated at 24.5% y/y in
FY23, including Rs. 1 lakh crore of 50 year interest free loans to states, but consolidated capex (on and off
budget) growth is estimated lower at 10.4%.
As per the first revised estimate of national income for FY21, India's real GDP growth was +3.7% in FY20 (pre-
Covid year) and -6.6% in FY21. It is forecasted to grow +9.2% in FY22 as per the first advance estimate.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation was 5.6% y/y in December, up from 4.9% in November, as favourable
base effect also waned. However, sequential momentum in the food basket was negative and that in core CPI
(headline CPI excluding food and beverages, fuel and light) moderated. Core inflation was still at 6% y/y in
December and has remained sticky at an average of 5.9% since April 2021.
Industrial production (IP) growth for November was 1.4% y/y and -3.2% on a m/m seasonally adjusted basis.
Sequentially, IP was negative in three of the last four months. Output in all use-based classifications (primary,
capital, intermediate, infra & construction, consumer durable and consumer non-durable goods) were negative
month-on-month in November. December Infrastructure Industries output (40% weight in IP) was up 3.8% y/y
and 1.8% m/m seasonally adjusted, with output of coal, crude oil, fertilisers and natural gas being negative
sequentially while that of cement rebounded after the sharp fall in November.
Bank credit outstanding as on 14th January was up 8% y/y, higher than 7.3% a month ago, while bank deposit
growth was marginally down at 9.3%. By sector, overall bank credit flow during December picked up as credit
to agriculture, industries, services and personal loans picked up. During April-December 2021, overall bank
credit flow was the highest for personal loans and lowest for industries.
Merchandise trade deficit fell to USD 17.9bn in January from USD 21.7bn in December, as the sequential fall in
imports was higher than that in exports, particularly for oil. Non-oil-non-gold imports, which has been trending
higher in recent months, fell only marginally to USD 38.2bn in January from USD 38.6bn in December.
Among high-frequency variables, sequential change in motor vehicles registered has partially recovered since
January after the sharp fall in December, but primarily driven by two wheelers. Most mobility indicators have
improved from the fall in January while recent readings on weekly GST e-way bills generated have been
healthy. Energy consumption level has sequentially improved in the last 3 weeks but is close to levels during
the same period in 2021.
In China, indicators broadly continue to point towards slower economic activity. These include real estate
investment, property prices, floor space sold, retail sales and consumer confidence. PBoC cut the one-year
MLF (medium term lending facility) rate and the seven-day OMO rate by 10bps each, after which they also cut
the one-year and five-year Loan Prime Rate by 10bps and 5bps each. PBoC also expressed its concern about
the property sector, overall growth and the need for monetary policy to be forward looking. In the US, headline
and core CPI moved further up in year-on-year terms to 7.0% and 5.5%, from 6.8% and 4.9%
respectively in November. Sequential momentum in both moderated a bit but stayed high, with price pressure
continued to be quite broad based. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) in its January meeting said
that labour market continues to be strong, growth expectation is still above potential, inflation risks are still
high, it is happy with the market pricing of rate hikes this year and that it plans to significantly reduce the
size of the Fed's balance sheet (this will start after rate hikes begin). US non-farm payroll addition in January
when infections due to Omicron were high was +467,000, which was only marginally lower than 510,000
in December, while unemployment rate ticked up a bit to 4% from 3.9% in December. However, sequential
growth in average hourly earnings was strong at 0.7%, up from 0.5% in December, while average weekly hours
moderated. The ECB's MPC meet in early February, unlike in December, did not explicitly mention rate hike in
2022 is 'highly unlikely'. However, it stressed on overall wage growth remaining muted.
The February policy review kept all rates unchanged as well as the accommodative stance maintained, with the
usual one dissent. It was more dovish than market assessment in 1> not taking any step whatsoever towards
corridor normalization (no hike in reverse repo rate), 2> providing some line of sight that the accommodative
stance may continue for a while, and 3> sounding quite dovish on the growth - inflation assessment (second
half FY23 inflation forecast seems much below market expectations).
Outlook
Overnight rates will likely remain volatile post the very dovish February Monetary Policy review as the revised
liquidity framework progresses; now with the addition of term variable rate repos (VRRs). Thus, while there
is now much more comfort that a repo rate hike is far away, money market rates will still have to battle the
uncertainty of fluctuating rate of overnight deployment for non-bank participants like mutual funds. For bonds,
while there is no quantifiable commitment on imminent explicit support, there are still nevertheless important
takeaways. One, the Governor has repeated the desire for orderly evolution of the curve, and the need for
market participants to be responsible. Presumably this doesn't imply only a one-sided commitment and entails
action from RBI as well, even though not pre-committed. Two, the voluntary retention route (VRR) scheme
for FPI participation in bonds has been further enhanced by INR 1 lakh crores. Three, the Governor noted that
market's perception of inflation (and the unsaid interpretation therefore of extent of RBI tightening) may have
been too pessimistic. Four, he reaffirmed the view expressed by others as well that government borrowing
may be getting exaggerated owing to a variety of reasons.
In summary then, with market expectations of a repo rate hike now getting reasonably pushed back post
the policy meeting, the demand for carry likely comes back. Thus, a bar-bell strategy that over-weights the
4 - 5 year (our preferred overweight segment) gets extra appeal post this policy. Put another way, even
with some mark-to-market volatility assumed, the opportunity loss in holding cash now is higher given the
expectation of further delayed repo rate hike after this policy. Longer duration bonds (10 year and beyond)
however, still don't have a definitive trigger and will have to await a more sustainable resolution of the
medium term demand-supply equation for bonds.
Given the above, we reiterate our preference for overweight stance in the 4 - 5 year government bonds. As
always this represents our current thinking and stance. A related point to ponder is that while we need to
proceed with a working assumption of how many rate hikes happen ahead, it is more and more apparent
that the market may be reasonably overestimating this trajectory. This is especially true given our current
expectation that global growth drivers don't seem sustainable (remember US has led global growth in the
past year or so on the back of an unsustainably large fiscal stimulus which is now fading). On top of this,
if RBI's second half inflation trajectory turns out to be close to the truth then we may just find out that
this rate normalization cycle has much weaker legs than what is generally built into market expectations
currently.
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